Choosing a standard

More about this object

Arrival of the first train from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo on October 30, 1837.

Like many nations, the Russian empire did not adopt a standard gauge when it first started building railways. Instead, it built lines individually, according to the recommendations of the engineers it consulted.

The Austrian engineer Franz Gerstner built the first railway line in the Russian Empire from St. Petersburg to Pavlovsk through the royal residence in Tsarskoye Selo in 1837; this line had a gauge of 1828 mm (six feet). The second line, from Warsaw to Vienna, was built in 1845 using the Stephenson gauge of 1435 mm (4 ft. 8 ½ in.).

The gauge of 1524 mm (five feet), was proposed by George Whistler, a prominent American railroad engineer (and father of the famous painter, James Abbot McNeill Whistler), who had been contracted as a consultant on Moscow–St. Petersburg line. Whistler claimed "it is not necessary in this case to adhere to the precise dimension of 4 ft. 8 ½ in. for the purpose of connecting with other roads."

The next 150 years have proved him wrong. As the Western political boundaries of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union have shifted, major efforts have gone into shifting the railways gauges as well.

How to cite this page

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Slawomir Lotysz, 'Choosing a standard', Inventing Europe, http://www.inventingeurope.eu/governance/choosing-a-standard

Sources

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  1. Puffert, Douglas J. Tracks across Continents, Paths through History: The Economic Dynamics of Standardization in Railway Gauge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.

About this tour

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The railway gauge: 89mm to Europe

The "standard" railway gauge of 1435 mm, originally promoted by the British engineer George Stephenson, is used throughout much of the world, but not everywhere in Europe. In the middle of the nineteenth century, rails spaced eighty-nine millimeters further apart became the standard for the Russian empire, and later the Soviet Union. Over the years, crossing the boundary between these two standards caused many technical problems, especially when the borders of nations changed. Those eighty-nine millimeter gauges became a clear measure of political, and military, control.


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What's like this?

Franz Anton von Gerstner, an Austrian traffic engineer



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