Walter Bruch, 'father' of German television, with a map of Europe divided into PAL and SECAM countries.
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The ultimate result was another fragmented map of Europe, following similar lines to the black-and-white standards. To this day, SECAM (or SECAM IV) is the system in France, Russia and a number of the former Soviet republics, while PAL remains the colour standard in Britain and much of central Europe.
Andreas Fickers, Maastricht University
